第1页:48.把代关系中所涉及到的指代词有哪些? 第2页:49.在翻译中，如何处理指代关系?

　　对于某指代词的解释，如果不能从词语本身得到解决，就必须从该词语所指的对象中寻求答案，以产生照应关系，指代关系即指通过指代词的使用而建立的此类关系。翻译时首先要通读整篇文章，理解作者的意旨，然后判断指代所涉及的内容和指向，最后把所指的词、

　　短语或者是句子准确地译出。英汉翻译中指代关系的判断可以通过:

　　（1）从代词和指代对象的相互位置来判断:指代可分为后照应和前照应，指代关系可从

　　该词的上文或下文寻找。

　　a.后照应:指代对象出现在上文，随后的代词必须回过头来与之形成照应关系。

　　经典例题321 The only kind of charge thought to exist is that associated with protons and electrons.分析:这句话中指代词是指示代词“that”，指代对象是前面的主语“charge”。参考译文人们认为存在的电荷是与质子和电子有关的电荷。

　　b.前照应:指代对象出现在下文，代词必须指向前方与之发生照应关系。

　　经典例题322 To expand its terms of reference，the Fund has covered all aspects of the economic and social planning in connection with the research work.

　　参考译文 基金会为扩大其职权范围，已将与研究工作有关的经济和社会等方面的计划工作置于自己的管辖之内。

　　（2）从语言结构上的呼应来判断:在句子上下文中找出指代词在人称、性、数等方面的

　　一致性，这是找到指代关系的基本依据。尽管一个代词和它的指代关系可能相距很远，但如

　　果译者紧紧抓住这根线索，就能准确译出指代的内容。

　　经典例题323 Praise is almost a contagious virus in a classroom because if you can catch one child doing something good and if you can verbally commend that child in front of his or her peers，it’s going to spread like wildfire and the rest of the children are going to automatically do exactly what the model student is doing because they want the positive attention.

　　分析:这个长句中，“it”与其指代成分距离较远，但只要仔细分析其语言结构，就不难

　　找到它是指代“praise”（赞扬）的。

　　参考译文 在教室里，表扬几乎是一种传染性病毒，因为如果你碰巧发现一个孩子在做一件好事，并且当着全班的面口头表扬那个孩子的话，这件事就会像野火般迅速蔓延开来，而其余的孩子们将自动地去做这个受表扬的学生所做的事，因为他们想要得到老师的肯定，受到注意。

　　经典例题324 We have learned that air is a mixture of gases，of which oxygen，water vapor，and carbon dioxide are the most important for what they do.

　　参考译文 我们已经知道，空气是一些气体的混合物，其中氧、水蒸汽和二氧化碳是最重要的，这是由于它们所起的作用决定的。

　　（3）从论述逻辑上来判断:在很多情况下，文章中有多个名词和代词交替使用，而单凭语言上的一致性不能判断指代内容时，则要仔细推敲作者的思路，找出符合逻辑的指代内容。

　　经典例题325 There’re other accounts of flying objects which have been seen from the air or from the ground.And many of those who have told us about them are men like Captain Howard—men of sense and experience，men whose word can be trusted.

　　误译:还有其他一些关于从空中或从地上看见的飞行的报道。曾见过空中飞行物的许多人都像有见识、懂道理、其话可以相信的霍华德机长一样。

　　分析:这两个句子都含有较长的定语从句，第一个定语从句（which have been seen from the air from the ground）前面有两个名词，accounts和flying objects，仅仅根据语言一致性无法准确判断，可能会得出错误的译法。但从思维逻辑上来分析的话，该定语从句则应是来修饰后者的。

　　参考译文 还有其他一些关于空中飞行物的报道，有的是在空中看见的，有的是从地上看见的。曾见过空中飞行物的人，许多是像霍华德机长那样的人，他们有见识、懂道理，他们的话是可以相信的。

　　（4）从论述中心议题的一贯上来判断:有时候文章中涉及到多个不同的名词和同样的代

　　词，而各个名词和代词间的人称、性、数等也是一致的，这时往往需要抓住作者论述的中心

　　议题，一般情况下，指代关系是不会突然改变的。

　　经典例题326 Most of the Chinese companies that Microsoft has enlisted in the Venus project have the technology and resources to introduce such a product on their own.That they haven’t should in itself cast suspicion on Gates’reasoning.

　　分析:此文中第一句话里包含有Chinese companies，Microsoft，technology and resources等多个名词，但是根据论述的中心议题来看，they应该仍然是指Chinese companies.

　　参考译文 微软所招募的参加维纳斯计划的大多数中国公司都具有独立推出这一产品的技术和资源。而这些公司并没有自己做，这一事实本身就应该引起人们对盖茨理论的怀疑。

　　以上是关于如何判断指代关系的基本依据。但在实际翻译实践中，往往要综合各种方法，仔细加以推敲，不但要分析指代出现的该段文章，有些更是要通篇考虑，排除不合理的解释，最后译出其准确的指代内容。

　　经典例题327 To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight.Although the birth_rate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty_first century opens.

　　The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

　　分析:划线句中的this一词，其指代意思仅在该句无法找到。只有通过对上文的认真阅读和理解，才能得出它是来指代“人口增长”的。

　　参考译文 食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这意味着我们正进入一场生产和销售食品的危机中。

　　历年真题分析

　　经典例题328 Any intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning，articularly for learning the kinds of things required in school.It does not measure character，social adjustment，physical endurance，manual skill，or artistic abilities.It is not supposed to it was not designed for that purpose.To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.（1992年）

　　结构分析:句子的框架是To criticize it for…is roughly comparable to criticizing…。be comparable to意思是“可比较的，比得上的，一样的”。这句话里代词it指的是上文的“any intelligence test”，“such failure”指的是上一句的It does not measure character，social adjustment…这种情况。参考译文批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。

　　经典例题329 There is no more difference，but there is just the same kind of difference，between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person，as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or a butcher weighing out his goods in common scale，and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weighs.It is not that the scale in the one case，and the balance in the other，differ in the principle of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.（1993年）

　　结构分析:句子的框架是It is not that…;but that…。这并不是A，而是B。A、B分别为两件事:A是the scale…and the balance…differ in…，B是the latter is…。这句话如果直译，应为“并不是一种情况里的磅秤与另一种情况里的天平在构造原理和工作方式上有何不同，而是后者是种精密得多的仪器，在计量方面当然也就比前者精确得多。”这里的in one case承前指前文“面包师和买肉者用普通磅秤称量货物”，in the other呼应前文的“化学家利用他的天平和其它刻度精细的仪器进行困难、复杂的分析”。the latter，后者，the former，前者，显然分别对应上半句里的the scale in one case和the balance in the other。参考译文这并不是说面包师或买肉的所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种精密得多的装置，因而在计量上就要更准确得多。

　　经典例题330 Do animals have rights?This is how the question is usually put.It sounds like a useful，ground_clearing way to start.Actually，it isn’t because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.（1997年）

　　结构分析:句子的框架是Actually，it isn’t because it assumes that…。这句话里it两次出现，意思是一致的，都是前指，即前文中的question（Do animals have rights?）。assume意思是“（想当然地）认为”;because引导原因状语从句，在这个从句中又包含了一个由that引导的宾语从句。后面which引导一个非限定性定语从句，修饰“an agreed account of human rights”。

　　参考译文 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。

　　经典例题331 Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.（2000年）

　　结构分析:句子的框架是个简单句this requires A and hence（requires）B，under…conditions（在…条件下） 是状语。这里的代词this显然是前指，指的是前文的assumption（想法）。世界各地的政府都凭这一想法做事，认为人民的福利主要依赖于社会的经济能力与财富水平。

　　参考译文 在现代条件下，这需要不同程度的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。

　　经典例题332 There will be television chat shows hosted by robots，and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.（2001年）

　　结构分析:句子的框架是个表将来状况的there be句型:There will be…，and…。后半句里出现两个代词them和they;它们指向同一个“被代对象”，这个对象不是monitors，而是cars。过去分词短语hosted by robots作定语修饰shows;that引导定语从句，修饰cars;when引导时间状语从句。英语中监控器和电脑显示器都被称作monitor。offend原意为“触犯”，在此应转译为“超标排污”。

　　参考译文 到时将出现由机器人主持的电视聊天节目，以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标，监控器就会令其停火。

　　经典例题333 Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links.“By linking directly to our nervous system，computers could pick up what we feel and hopefully，simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck，”he says.But that，Pearson points out，is only the start of man_machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ult

　　imately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”（2001年）

　　结构分析:句子的框架是由两部分构成，一个间接引语的宾语从句，但语序上稍有不规则，理顺后为Pearson points out…but that is only the start of man_machine integration;后面再紧跟一个直接引语。本句中有两个that:第一个that是指示代词，代指上文的breakthrough（突破），第二个that是关系代词，引导一个定语从句修饰integration。Pearson points out是插入语。

　　参考译文 皮尔森指出这个突破只是人机一体化的开始:“它是人机一体化漫长过程的开端，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”

　　熟能生巧

　　经典例题334 For investors wondering whether they should dump their stocks because they need money，I have only this to say:if you need the money today，you should have sold years ago.That advice holds whether the market is up or down.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是For investors wondering whether…，I have only this to say:…That advice holds…。第一个句中的主干句是I have only this to say:…，介词短语for investors wondering whether they…作状语，其中wondering…because they need money这个存在分词短语作investors的后置定语;第二句中whether the market is up or down是宾语从句，作holds的宾语。两个指示代词this和that都指代同一个句子:if you need the money today，you should have sold years ago。

　　参考译文 对于那些因缺钱而难以决定是否应抛售自己股票的投资者，我只能说:如果你今天真的缺钱，那么数年前你就该把股票出手了。无论股市行情涨跌，我始终坚持上述观点。

　　经典例题335 Some companies are finding that they can cut cost and leverage the most out of their staff and budgets if they partner with other companies that specialize in particular areas that they can’t do as well or as efficiently themselves.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是Some companies are finding that they can cut…if they…。that引导宾语从句。在这个从句中又包含了一个由if引导的条件状语从句。在此从句中that specialize in particular areas是定语从句，修饰companies;that they can’t do…是定语从句，修饰particular areas。句中的they，都指some companies。

　　参考译文 有些公司已经发现，如果它们与另外一些公司合作，把它们自己做不好或很难有效完成的东西交给擅长这些特殊领域的人去做，那么它们就能降低成本，并且还可以充分发挥它们的员工和预算计划的作用。

　　经典例题336 Most tribal peoples survive in areas which traditionally have been marginal to business—the Arctic，the desert，tropical forests.It is their bad luck that in many cases these are unexploited mineral_ rich regions，which are now coming under pressure.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是It is their bad luck that…these are unexploited mineral_rich regions，which are…。that引导同位语从句，作bad luck的同位语;在这个同位语从句中，which引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰regions。these指代上文的“北极地区、沙漠地带和热带森林”。

　　参考译文 他们的厄运是，这些地方往往是尚未开发的矿藏丰富区，这些地区现正承受压力。

　　经典例题337 No Englishman believes in working from book learning.He suspects all theories，philosophical or other.He suspects everything new and dislike it，unless he can be compelled by the force of circumstance to see that this new thing has advantages over the old.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是He suspects everything new and dislike it，unless…。unless引导状语从句。句尾that引导宾语从句作see的宾语。it指代前面提到的everything new，以避免重复;the old指代与this new thing相对的the old thing。

　　参考译文 他怀疑并且厌恶一切新鲜事物，除非迫于形势，他才领会到新的事物确有优点胜过旧的。

　　经典例题338 Digital phones from one carrier—such as AT&T Wireless，Air_Touch Cellular or Sprint PCS—often do not work with others in the same area.Mark Lowenstein of Yankee Group，a Boston_based technology consulting firm，explains:“They offer their services on different spectrums that aren’t compatible.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是Mark Lowenstein of Yankee Group，…，explains:“They offer their services on…”。a Boston_based technology consulting firm是Yankee Group的同位语。explains是谓语。直接引语作explains的宾语。人称代词they在此句中指代上文中的不同的手机公司，即AT&T Wireless，Air_ Touch Cellular or Sprint PCS，在句中翻译为“不同品牌的手机”。compatible译为“相容，符合”。

　　参考译文 马克·罗文斯坦来自扬基集团———波士顿的一家技术咨询公司，他向我们解释道:“产生这种情况主要是因为手机品牌不同，工作频谱也不同，不能相互兼容。

　　经典例题339 Our past，then，as a whole is made manifest to us in its impulse;it is felt in the form of tendency，although only a small part of it is known in the form of idea.From this survival of the past it follows that consciousness cannot go through the same state twice.The circumstances may still be the same，but they will act no longer on the same person，since they fid him at a new moment of his history.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是The circumstances may still be the same，but they will act no longer on the same person，since…。but连接两个并列句。since引导原因状语从句。两个they都指代前面提到的the circumstances，以避免重复。

　　参考译文 从这残留的过去中我们悟到意识不可能再度经同一状态。因为同一环境不会作用于同一人，环境所摄住的是这个人历史的全新时刻。

　　经典例题340 Since the1970s，many computer_aided architectural programs have been commercially available.But historically，architects have resorted to small_scale physical models to provide a bird’s eye view of a building or of its interior.They are expensive to build but certainly cannot give an architect and his clients a true sense of the perspective，color，texture and shading that would be perceived by someone“walking”through the building under design.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是They are expensive to build but certainly cannot give an architect and his clients a true sense…。but连接两个并列谓语。句尾that引导定语从句修饰the perspective，color，texture and shading。句首的they指代前文中的computer_aided architectural programs。perspective此处译为“透视”。

　　参考译文 造价很贵，但却不能给建筑师及其住户以透视、色彩、纹理结构以及采光性等方面的种种逼真的感受;而（借助计算机辅助建筑设计）即使建筑物尚属设计过程，人们就能漫步于其中并切身感受。

　　经典例题341 Some experts believe such people could be particularly influenced by computer game—and that this may have been a cause of last year’s massacre at Columbine High School in Colorado.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是Some experts believe…and that…。and连接两个并列的从句做believe的宾语从句。前一个并列分句省略了that;后一个并列分句的主语this指代前句中的such people could be particularly influenced by computer game的内容。massacre意为“大屠杀”。

　　参考译文 一些专家相信，这样的人尤其会受电脑游戏的影响。这可能是去年发生在科罗拉多州哥伦拜中学血案的一个起因。

　　经典例题342 Fortunately，the manufacturers that are developing these automated products understand that consumers don’t care how something works as much as they care that it does work and is easy to operate.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是Fortunately，the manufacturers…understand that…。understand后接的that引导的从句为宾语从句。主语the manufacturers有that引导的定语从句修饰。how something works作care的宾语从句。it does work and is easy to operate做第二个care的宾语从句。they指代前面提到的consumers;it指代前面提到的something。

　　参考译文 幸运的是，研制这些自动化产品的制造商们认识到，消费者并不很关心某件东西是如何工作的，他们更关心的是，这种东西能好好工作并且容易操作。

　　经典例题343 A single lychee（荔枝）from a tree that once produced fruit for Chinese emperors sold for a record555，000yuan（＄67，053）at a weekend auction in China’s affluent southern province of Guangdong，state media said.It did not say what the company plans to do with lychee，but it is becoming increasingly common for companies in Guangdong to buy expensive items at auctions to generate publicity.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是It did not say…，but it is becoming…to generate publicity。but连接两个并列分句，表示转折。前一分句中，what the company plans to do with lychee作say的宾语。第一个it指代上文中的这则新闻报道，所以it应译为“报道”;第二个it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to buy expensive items…to…。generate publicity在此句中应转译为“提高知名度”。

　　参考译文 报道中没有说明这家公司打算怎么处理买来的荔枝，但是企业通过竞买贵重物品来提高知名度的做法在广东省已经是越来越普遍了。

　　经典例题344 Above everything else will still rise the questioning，tough_minded hunger for learning，for pushing the boundaries of knowledge ever outwards，that has characterized this university from the first.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是Above everything else will still rise…，that has characterized…。这是一个倒装句，主语是the questioning，tough_minded hunger for…;指示代词that指代the questioning，tough_minded hunger for learning，for pushing the boundaries of knowledge ever o

　　utwards，译为“对学问，对不断拓展知识疆界的那种勇于质疑、锲而不舍的追求”。hunger原意为“渴求”，在此句中应转译为“追求”。

　　参考译文 比一切都更重要的仍是对学问，对不断拓展知识疆界的那种勇于质疑、锲而不舍的追求，从一开始这就是剑桥大学的特点。

　　经典例题345 We will increasingly use internet_based computer courses，to enhance our own teaching and also to reach students outside the university.That doesn’t mean computer terminals will displace people;students are always going to need advice and high_quality tuition on the spot.

　　结构分析: 句子的框架是That doesn’t mean…;students are always going to need…。本句包含了两个并列的分句，并由分号隔开。第一个分句中的that指代前面的句子We will increasingly use…outside the university。

　　参考译文 这并不意味着计算机终端将会取代人;学生永远需要当场建议和高质量的面授。

　　经典例题346 Under Pope John Paul II，it has become more centralized than ever in Church history，vastly increasing the Pope’s own powers to intervene and diminishing the independence of the judicial bodies working within the Congregation for the Cause of Saints.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是Under…，it has become more…than…，vastly increasing…and diminishing the independence of…。介词词组under Pope John Paul II位于句首作状语;it指代Pope John Paul II在位时的教会;句子中还包含了more…than…的比较结构，句子最后是两个并列的分词短语作伴随状语:A.vastly increasing the Pope’s own powers to intervene;B.diminishing the independence of the judicial bodies working within the Congregation for the Cause of Saints，第二个分词短语中又包含了of介词短语作the independence的后置定语，而此介词词组又有现在分词短语working within the Congregation for the Cause of Saints作the judicial bodies的后置定语。

　　参考译文 在教皇约翰·保罗二世时期，它的权力比教会历史上任何时候都更为集中，不仅大大增加了教皇自己进行干预的各种权力，而且缩小了司法机关在教会圣徒事务委员会内部开展工作的独立性。

　　经典例题347 It seems simple，so sound and rooted in common sense:make PE fun，structure it so children celebrate their strengths and work on their weaknesses and that，in turn，will keep people like Amanda Bush enthusiastic about physical eduction and help them establish lifelong fitness habits.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是It seems…so children celebrate…and that，…will keep…and…help…。so引导了结果状语从句。主句中冒号后的make PE fun，structure it补充说明前面的内容，其中it指代PE;而结果状语从句又包含了and连接的两个并列分句:A.children celebrate their strengths and work on their weaknesses;B.that，in turn，will keep people like Amanda Bush enthusiastic about physical education and help them establish lifelong fitness habits，第一个并列分句包含了两个并列的谓语celebrate和work on;第二个并列分句中的that指代前面的分句，另外，这个分句也包含了两个并列的谓语keep和help。

　　参考译文 这似乎很简单，如此合理且源于常识:使体育充满乐趣，把它组织好，那样孩子们就会赞美自己的优点，不断克服自己的弱点，而这些又将使像阿曼达·布什这样的人对体育充满热情，帮助他们养成终生的健康习惯。

　　经典例题348 Its destiny lay in another kind of economic endeavor，and from a very early date，many New Englanders combined farming with other work，thereby living better lives than they would have had they been confined to the resources of their own farms.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是Its destiny lay in…，and from a very early date，many New Englanders combined…，thereby living better lives than they would have had they…。and连接了两个并列分句，第一个分句中的its指代后文的New England，词组lay in是“在于”的意思，此处根据上下文可译为“仰仗”，分词短语thereby living better lives作结果状语;第二个分句包含了倒装的虚拟条件句had they been confined to…，相当于if they had been confined to…。

　　参考译文 新英格兰的命运要仰仗另外一种经济力量，而从很早时候起，许多新英格兰人就把农业与其他劳作结合起来，因此他们的生活要比仅靠自家农场的产出好过些。

　　经典例题349 It was said by Sir George Bernard Shaw that“England and America are two countries separated by the same language.”My first personal experience of this was when I worked as a camp counselor for two months in2000in a summer Camp run by the Boy Scouts of America，as part of an international leader exchange scheme.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是My first personal experience of this was when I worked…。when引导了表语从句。主句中的this指代前文的“England and American are two countries separated by the same language”;在表语从句中，过去分词短语run by the Boy Scouts of America作a Summer Camp的后置定语，而介词词组as part of a n international leader exchange scheme作状语。

　　参考译文 我对此话的第一次亲身感受是在2000年，当时作为国际领导人交换项目的一部分，我在美国男童子军组织的夏令营活动中担任了两个月的营地辅导员。

　　经典例题350 British speech tends to be less general，and directed more，in nuances of meaning，at a sub_group of the population.This has become a kind of code，in which few words are spoken because each，along with its attendant murmurings and pauses，carries a wealth of shared assumptions and attitudes.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是This has become a kind of code，in which few words are spoken because each…，carries…。in+which引导了非限制性定语从句修饰先行词code;主句中的this指代前面的整个句子British speech tends to be…，at a sub_group of the population，code的意思是“规范，规则”，此处根据上下文应指“社会规范”;非限制性定语从句又包含了because引导的原因状语从句，该状语从句中的主语each是指each word，介词词组along with its attendant murmurings and pauses在这里作状语，其中its指代前面的each（word），词组a wealth of是“丰富的”之意，而shared assumptions and attitudes的意思是“共同的假定与态度”。

　　参考译文 这已经成为了一种社会规范，人们说的话不多，因为每一个词，随着与其相伴的沉吟与停顿，都承载着丰富的共享假定与态度。

　　经典例题351 The discovery that adenosine receptors play a central physiologic role in limiting inflammation is an important conceptual advance.It may allow us to develop new ways to enhance the inflammatory response;when that is desirable，to make better vaccines（疫苗）and anti_tumor（抗肿瘤）drugs.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是It may allow us to…;when that is…，to make…。句子包含两个并列分句，且由分号隔开。第一个分句中的it指代前文的the discovery;在第二个分句中，when引导了时间状语从句，其中的that指代前面分句里的new ways to enhance the inflammatory response，同时第二个分句中的动词不定式to make better vaccines…之前省略了it may allows。enhance的意思是“增强”，inflammatory的意思是“炎症的”。

　　参考译文 该发现可能使我们开发新的途径增强炎症反应，如此法可取，便可制造更好的疫苗和抗肿瘤药物。

　　经典例题352 It was the use of IQ tests to limit the opportunities of most other people that led to the anti_IQ rebellion that broke out in the last third of the century.It was probably most intense in Britain，whose public schools at mid_century had adopted a particularly severe system of sorting by test at age11.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是It was…intense in Britain，whose public schools…had adopted…。whose引导了非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Britain。主句中的it指前文的the anti_IQ rebellion;定语从句中的宾语system后面跟了介词词组of sorting by test at age11作它的后置定语。

　　参考译文 在英国，这场反智商测试运动或许是最激烈的，因为20世纪中期的英国公立学校就采用了一种对11岁的孩子尤为严格的测试筛选制度。

　　经典例题353 During1996at least two big reports on the subject—one in Europe and one in America—were published.They agreed that xenotransplants（异种移植）were permissible on ethical grounds，and cautiously recommended that they be allowed.

　　结构分析:句子的框架是They agreed that xenotransplants were…，and cautiously recommended that…。that引导了宾语从句作agreed的宾语。主句中they指代前文的two big reports;宾语从句中有两个并列的谓语动词were和recommended，第二个谓语动词之后又跟了that引导的宾语从句，动词recommended后的宾语从句要求用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式为should+动词原形，should可以省略，they be allowed中的they指代主句中的xenotran splants。

　　参考译文 两篇报告同意异种移植在伦理上是许可的，并谨慎地推荐应允许这种移植。

　　练习

　　It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out，and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict.If the things to be found are actually new，they are by definition unknown in advance.You cannot make choices in this matter.（61）You either have science or you don’t，and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information，along with the neat and promptly useful bits.

　　The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature.Indeed，I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology.It is，in its way，an illuminating piece of news.（62）It would have amazed the brightest minds of the18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering the way ahead seems.（63）It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the20th century science to the human intellect.In earlier times，we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem，or simply made up stories to fill the gaps.Now that we have begun exploring in earnest，we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are，and how far from being answered.Because of this，we are depressed.（64）It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance，the worst spots and here and there the not_so_bad spots，but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.

　　But we are making a beginning and there ought to be some satisfaction.There are probably no questions we can think up that can’t be answered，sooner or later，including even the matter of consciousness.（65）To be sure，there may well be questions we can’t think up，ever，and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect，but that is another matter.Within our limits，we should be able to work our way through to all our answers if we keep at it long enough，and pay attention.

　　答案

　　文章大意: 科学将会给我们带来什么，是难以预测的。作者感到我们认识的最有把握的惟一一条科学真理是我们对大自然极其无知。这条真理是过去几百年来生物学的重大发现。我们了解了这一事实，但前进的道路却没有真正的灯光指引，甚至至今还没有可以信赖的任何道路。无论如何，我们该满足的是，我们已经开始探索，只要我们坚持长久，我们应该能够探索出一条通往答案的道路。

　　（61） 结构分析: 句子框架是You either have science or you don’t，and…you are obliged to accept the…pieces of information…。and连接两个并列句。前面分句补充完整为you either have science or you don’t have science;其中either…or…结构译成“要么…，要么…”。后面分句中有if引导的条件状语从句，此从句中的it代指前面提到的science。bit原意为“（二进制）位;比特”，此处引申为“数据传输”。

　　参考译文 :要么拥有科学，要么得不到它，如果你拥有的话，你就必须被迫接受那些令人惊讶又烦恼的信息，以及有条不紊、迅速及时而有用的数据传输。

　　（62） 结构分析: 句子框架是It would have amazed the brightest minds…to be told…how…and how…。it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式结构to be told…。此不定式的被动结构译成主动态。两个how引导的感叹句作told的宾语。minds此处译成“有才智的人”;Enlightenment此处指“启蒙运动”。

　　参考译文: 如果我们当中任何一个人要告诉18世纪启蒙运动中最聪明的人，我们的知识有多么地少，以及未来看起来是多么地让人困惑，这都会把他们搞糊涂的。

　　（63） 结构分析: 句子框架是It is this sudden confrontation…that represents the most significant contribution…。It is…that…引导强调结构，强调主语。confrontation with原意为“与…迎面相遇或正面相对”，此处转译为“认识到”;contribution…to译成“对…的贡献”。

　　参考译文 :正是这种突然地认识到人类无知的深度和广度，才代表了20世纪科学对人类智能的最大贡献。

　　（64） 结构分析: 句子框架是It is not so bad being ignorant if…;the hard thing is knowing…the reality…，but no true light…nor even any tunnels…。分号连接两个并列句。前面的分句句首it为形式主语，真正的主语为being ignorant;if引导条件状语从句。后一分句的knowing和no true light…nor even any tunnels由but连接作谓语;句尾that引导的定语从句修饰tunnels。

　　参考译文 :如果你是彻底无知的话，无知也就不那么糟了，困难的是了解无知这一事实的具体情况，最差的地方以及这里或者那里不这么差的地方，但是通道的尽头没有真正灯光指引，而是至今还没有可以信赖的任何通道。

　　（65） 结构分析: 句子框架是there may well be questions…，and therefore limits…，but that is another matter。but连接两个并列句。前面的分句为there be句型，questions和limits并列作其宾语we can’t think up为省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句修饰questions。to be sure此处译成“诚然，固然”，而不应译为“毫无疑问，当然”。

　　参考译文: 诚然，很可能有些问题是我们永远也想不到的，因此对人类智慧的探索来说永远是有极限，但这是另外一回事了。