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that和which的用法

http://www.sina.com.cn 2007年09月21日 00:02   北文图书

  61 that和which的用法

  * that可代表人(a),也可代表东西(b):

  a. He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree. (谚)想吃果子就得爬树。

  …

  b. I reached the gate that opened onto the lake. 我走到临湖而开的那扇门前。

  He expressed the hope that we would keep in touch with his firm. 他表示希望我们与他的公司保持联系。

  在从句中作宾语时,that常可省略:

  This is the best hotel (that) I know. 这是我知道的最好的旅馆。

  …

  * which只能代表东西或动物:

  I want to take away the book which you showed me yesterday. 我想带走你昨天给我看的那本书。

  She was not in the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚到的火车上。

  当它在从句中作宾语时常常可以省略:

  This is the book (which) you want. 这是你要的书。

  …

  which还可在从句中作介词的宾语:

  The situation which he found himself in was difficult. 他的处境非常困难。

  …

  在这种从句中,只有which可以紧跟介词,that则不可以(在最后两个例句中which都不能换作that)。如果which不紧跟介词,则一般可换为that,也可以省略:

  This is the house (which/that) I went into. 这就是我进去过的那座房子。

  Tips: who,that,which有相似之处,也有不同之处。一般说来代表人时多用who(m),代表东西时用that时更多一些,有时也可用which,在紧跟介词时只能用which,不能用that。在从句中作宾语时,这些关系代词常可省略。

  62 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

  定语从句有两类:限制性定语从句(restrictive attributive clauses)和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive attributive clauses)。

  * 限制性定语从句:前面所给例句基本上都包含限制性定语从句,它限制所修饰名词或代词的意义,一般说来如把从句去掉句子意思就不清楚,甚至失去意义。例如下面句子,有定语从句时意思很清楚,若把从句去掉,句子或是变得模糊不清,或是变得没有意思:

  This is the machine he design. 这就是他设计的机器。

  (若把he design去掉,意思就不清楚。)

  Madame Curie was a woman we admired. 居里夫人是我们崇拜的女性。

  (若把从句去掉,句子就失去意义。)

  把前面例句都这样试一遍,你就会发现这些从句很重要,对说明所修饰词的意义不可或缺,是句子的主要组成部分。译成汉语时也多译成一个定语(如“他设计的机器”,“我们崇拜的女性”)。只有在限制性定语从句中,且在从句中作宾语的关系代词才能省略。

  * 非限制性定语从句:

  另外有一种定语从句,与主句(句子的其他部分)关系不太紧密,对所修饰名词或代词的意思没有太大影响,把它们拿掉,句子依然很完整,它们可以说是附加上去的东西,而且通常都有逗号把它们和句子的其他部分分开,这种从句称非限制性定语从句。这种从句只能由who(m),whose和which引起:

  Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. 彼得开了一天的车,建议在下一个城镇停一停。

  Anne, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job. 安妮的孩子们全天上学,她想法找一份工作。

  The 8:30 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today. 八点三十分的火车通常很准时,但今天晚点了。

  这种句子译成汉语时常译成两个并列句,这从上面例句的译文中可以看出。在非限制性定语从句中不能使用that作关系代词。

  * which的特殊用法:

  在非限制性定语从句中,which可以代表主句的一部分甚至全部,而不仅限于一个名词或代词,而which引起的从句用作修饰整个主句:

  This I did at nine o’clock, after which(=doing it) I sat some time reading the paper. 我九点钟坐了这事,之后我就坐着看了一会儿报纸。

  He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him. 他请我们去吃饭,这是他难得的好意。

  which在从句中还可用作定语:

  He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once. 他让我躲在门后,我立即照做了。

  He studied computer science, which knowledge is very important today. 他学的是电脑,这门知识现在很重要。

  which有时代表后面的意思:

  He hung around for hours and,which was worse,kept me from doing my work.

  他闲呆了好几个钟头,更糟糕的是,这使我也没法工作。

  在书面语中,有时还把这类从句写成独立的句子:

  From which he learned a few lessons which were later of value to him. 从中他得到了一些教训,对他后来很有用处。

  which还可和不定式一起用:

  Allow me one minute in which to change my costume. 给我一点时间换装。

  She has a little money in the bank, with which to help her mother. 她在银行存了一点钱,用这钱帮助她的母亲。

  关于定语从句,将在第十九章(第381-383节)作进一步讨论。

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