第二章　英语科考试大纲导读

　　近年来，高考命题一直在进行改革，其发展方向是注重基础，强调运用，突出能力。与去年相比，2009年新考纲没有明显的变化，体现了高考改革始终坚持“在稳定中求发展”的命题指导思想，而保持命题平稳发展的思路，有利于“培养学生的语言运用能力”。

　　高中英语课程标准有明确的说明，高考并不是对考生所学知识的硬性考查，而是考查其语言知识运用、阅读理解、逻辑判断等综合能力，即从听力、英语知识、阅读理解、书面表达等几个部分对考生的听、说、读、写、译等英语学习的重要技能进行考查。

　　考生在备考过程当中应认真研读《考试大纲(课程标准试验版)》中的相关内容，做到融会贯通，心中有数。以下对考纲内容进行了详细的解读，希望对广大考生有所帮助！Ⅰ.考试性质

　　普通高等学校招生全国统一考试是由合格的高中毕业生和具有同等学力的考生参加的选拔性考试。高等学校根据考生的成绩，按已确定的招生计划，德、智、体全面衡量，择优录取。因此，高考应有较高的信度、效度、适当的难度和必要的区分度。

　　Ⅱ.考试内容和要求

　　根据普通高等学校对新生文化素质的要求，依据中华人民共和国教育部2003年颁布的《普通高中课程方案(实验)》和《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》，确定本学科考试内容。

　　一、语言知识

　　要求考生掌握并能运用英语语音、词汇、语法基础知识以及所学功能意念和话题(见附1～附5)，要求词汇量为3 500左右各省区可以根据本地实际情况在《考试说明》中对词汇量进行适当调整，但不得低于2 000个单词。。

　　二、语言运用

　　1.听力

　　要求考生能听懂所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。考生应能：

　　(1)理解主旨和要义；

　　【导读】任何一段对话或独白总会围绕一个主旨或者一个中心思想展开。有时，主旨要义会比较明确；有时则会贯穿整个对白或独白，考生需自己去归纳、概括。

　　(2)获取具体的、事实性信息；

　　【导读】为了说明和支持主旨，对话或独白中总会出现一些具体信息，如时间、地点、人物等。这些信息是理解和把握对话或独白主旨必不可少的内容，也常常是听力部分的重点考查项目。

　　(3)对所听内容作出推断；

　　【导读】话语发生的场合、说话者之间的关系等对话语含义的理解起着举足轻重的作用，对这些背景知识的推断能力在一定程度上可以体现一个人对口语的理解能力，因而也是听力测试所要考查的重点项目之一。

　　(4)理解说话者的意图、观点和态度。

　　【导读】一般来讲，说话者总会有说话的意图，或是提出或回答问题，阐述自己的想法，或是表明自己的态度或意见，对此的理解或推断在一般交往中非常重要。有时，说话者的意图或观点是明说出来的，有时则隐含在对话的字里行间，需要听者自己去揣摩、推断。

　　【试题举例】听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。

　　Text 10.

　　M：Good afternoon，everybody and welcome to this class on English words.I hope that all of you can hear me.If not，please let me know.I am Pref.John Morris.I'll be your teacher for the next 13 weeks.As you can probably tell，this is one of popular and crowded classes.Indeed，every time these courses are offered，this room is very full.Why is that? Well，in order to use the English language，it's very important to have at least a basic understanding of how words are formed.Just to mention one figure，and there are many.There are about one million words in English.If you are an English learner，you might wonder how you can possibly remember all of these words.Well，for one thing you don't have to.No native speaker exists who knows all of the words in the English language.Besides there are shortcuts.Shortcuts? Yes，for example，if you know how words are formed by using parts of words from other languages，such Greek and French，you'll understand a good number of English words when you first come across them.Let me put it this way.Knowing the rules will help you master a large number of words.This is probably the No.1 reason why this class is so popular.

　　17.Where can you most probably hear this talk?

　　A.In a class of the English language.

　　B.In a class of the Greek language.

　　C.In a class of the French language.

　　18.How long does the class last?

　　A.11 weeks.　　　　B.13 weeks.　　　　C.15 weeks.

　　19.What is “the short－cut” to learning words according to the speaker?

　　A.Taking more courses.

　　B.Reading basic words aloud.

　　C.Learning how words are formed.

　　20.Why is the class popular?

　　A.It is not offered each term.

　　B.It's taught by Professor Morris.

　　C.It helps to master some useful rules.

　　【答案】

　　17.A　【解析】 根据第一句“welcome to this class on English words” 可知应选A。“In a class of the English language.”

　　18.B　【解析】根据第三句“I'll be your teacher for the next 13 weeks.” 可知本题选B。“13 weeks.”

　　19.C　【解析】根据倒数第三、四句“Besides there are shortcuts.Shortcuts? Yes，for example，if you know how words are formed by using parts of words from other languages，...”可知本题选C。“Learning how words are formed.”

　　20.C　【解析】根据倒数第一、二句“Knowing the rules will help you master a large number of words.This is probably the No.1 reason why this class is so popular.”可知本题选C。“It helps to master some useful rules.”

　　2.阅读

　　要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：

　　(1)理解主旨和要义；

　　【导读】任何一篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么(即文章的主题)，亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。

　　(2)理解文中具体信息；

　　【导读】文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人员往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。

　　(3)根据上下文推断生词的词义；

　　【导读】正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础，不懂单词含义根本就谈不上理解文章。但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外，阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能力，是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读测试中经常检测的一种能力。

　　【试题举例】(2008·广东)

　　Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Is this a good thing? Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16－year－old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.

　　“I would never have said to my mom, ‘Hey, the new Weezer album is really great. How do you like it？’”says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.”

　　Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.

　　Today, the generation gap has not disappeared，but it is getting narrow in many families. Conversations on subjects such as sex and drugs would not have taken place a generation ago. Now they are comfortable and common. And parent－child activities, from shopping to sports, involve a feeling of trust and friendship that can continue into adulthood.

　　No wonder greeting cards today carry the message, “To my mother, my best friend. ”

　　But family experts warn that the new equality can also result in less respect for parents.

　　“There’s still a lot of strictness and authority on the part of parents out there, but there is a change happening，” says Kerrie, a psychology professor at Lebanon Valley College. “In the middle of that change, there is a lot of confusion among parents.”

　　Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say.

　　“My parents were on the ‘before’ side of that change, but today’s parents, the 40－year－olds, were on the ‘after’ side，”explains Mr. Ballmer.“It’s not something easily accomplished by parents these days, because life is more difficult to understand or deal with, but sharing interests does make it more fun to be a parent now.”

　　41. The underlined word gulf in Para. 3 most probably means.

　　A. interest 

　　B. distance

　　C. separation 

　　D. difference

　　42. Which of the following shows that the generation gap is disappearing?

　　A. Parents share more interests with their children.

　　B. Parents put more trust in their children’s abilities.

　　C. Parents and children talk more about sex and drugs.

　　D. Parents help their children develop interests in more activities.

　　43. The change in today’s parent－child relationship is.

　　A. more confusion among parents

　　B. less respect for parents from children

　　C. new equality between parents and children

　　D. more strictness and authority on the part of parents

　　44. By saying “today’s parents, the 40－year－olds, were on the ‘after’ side，” the author means that today’s parents.

　　A. can set a limit to the change

　　B. follow the trend of the change

　　C. fail to take the change seriously

　　D. have little difficulty adjusting to the change

　　45. The purpose of the passage is to.

　　A. describe the difficulties today’s parents have met with

　　B. suggest the ways to handle the parent－child relationship

　　C. discuss the development of the parent－child relationship

　　D. compare today’s parent－child relationship with that in the past

　　【文章大意】代沟，是人们一直很熟悉的话题。文章比较了今昔父母和孩子们关系的差异，但同时也指出了人们对今日父母和孩子们之间平等关系的负面影响的担忧。

　　41.D　【解析】 本题考查词义猜测。gulf原义为“海湾、分歧”，相当于文中的gap，结合文章大意， D项difference最符合。interest表示兴趣，distance表示距离，separation表示分离、分隔。

　　42.A　【解析】 本题考查推理判断。结合文章第一段中的“Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends...talk about interests both enjoy...”。文中无B、D两项相关的内容。C项错误在“以前父母和孩子们根本不可能谈论性和毒品相关的话题，所以就不可能有更多(more)可言”。本题较难。

　　43.C　【解析】 本题考查细节理解。结合文章第六段中的“...new equality...”。A、B、D三项内容是人们的担忧，仅仅是可能发生的结果，而且A、D两项错误在more。本题较难。

　　44.B　【解析】 本题考查推理判断。结合文章最后一段以及全文内容可推测答案为B项。

　　45.C　【解析】 本题考查写作意图。文章无A、B两项内容，D项仅是文章内容的一方面。讨论父母和子女关系的变化及其产生的影响才是文章的主要意图。

　　(4)作出判断和推理；

　　【导读】阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即作者所要传达的信息。在实际的阅读活动中，有时需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性等。

　　(5)理解文章的基本结构；

　　【导读】英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句可能在一段的开头，也可能在中间或末尾，作用是交代该段的中心思想，再由全段展开或讨论这个意思。各个段落通常由某些起连接作用的词语连接，以使文章行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。

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