向“完美”蜕变

　　1.Make your practice as similar to the real life scenario as possible。

　　1.尽可能在真实的生活场景中练习。

　　“One real encounter, even for a few seconds, is far more useful than several hundred observations。” said by psychologist Henry Roediger at Washington University of St. Louis, where students were divided into two groups to study a natural history text. Group A studied the paper for four sessions. Group B studied only once but was tested three times. A week later both groups were tested, and Group B scored 50 percent higher than Group A. They’d studied one-fourth as much yet learned far more。 

　　“即使只有数秒钟，一次真实的对战也远比几百次观察有用。”心理学家亨利·罗迪格说。他在圣路易斯华盛顿大学将学生分成两组来学习自然历史课程。A组学生学习四遍，B组学生只学一遍却要参加三次考试。一周后，两组学生同时参加测试，结果B组学生得分高出A组50%之多。他们只学了四分之一，却学到更多。

　　2.Don’t be passive. Testing yourself is far better than reviewing。

　　2.不要被动，尝试比回顾更有益。

　　Good decision making is about compressing the informationalload by decoding the meaning of patterns derived from experience. This cannotbe taught in a classroom; it is not something you are born with; it must belived and learned。

　　优秀决策的制定需要靠经验解码信息，精简信息量。课堂上不会教这个，它不是你生而有之的东西，它需要实践和学习。

　　3.Practice is not just repetition.

　　Be ruthlessly critical and keep trying to improve on the constituent elements of the skill。

　　3.训练并不是简单的重复。严格要求自己并继续努力提高技巧。

　　Deliberate practice is characterized by several elements,each worth examining. It is activity designed specifically to improveperformance, often with a teacher’s help; it can be repeated a lot; feedback onresults is continuously available; it’s highly demanding mentally, whether theactivity is purely intellectual, such as chess or business-related activities,or heavily physical, such as sports; and it isn’t much fun。

　　刻意的训练有几个特征，其中每一个都值得探究。训练是特别设计用来提升表现的活动，一般经过老师的指导；可以重复多次；能连续获得训练结果的反馈；不管你要训练的是国际象棋、商务活动等纯脑力工作，还是体育之类的高强度体力劳动，都要求精神高度投入；还有，训练并不好玩。

　　When most people practice, they focus on the things they can do effortlessly. Expert practice is different. It entails considerable, specific, and sustained efforts to do something you can’t do well—or even at all. Research across domains shows that it is only by working at what you can’t do that you turn into the expert you want to become。

　　“大多数人集中练习的都是那些不费力就能做到的事情。专业训练与之不同，它要求你付出相当多的明确且持续的努力，去做你做不好或压根不会做的事。跨领域研究表明，只有练习你不会做的事情，你才能变成自己想成为的专家。

　　4.Practice a lot:10,000 hours worth。

　　4.大量训练：10,000小时也在所不惜。

　　One factor, and only one factor, predicted how largely accomplished the students were, and that was how much they practiced。

　　有一个因素，而且只有这个因素能决定学生的成就有多大，那就是他们练习了多久。