第二章　英语科考试大纲导读

　　2009年的《考试大纲》，比往年来得更早一些。

　　《考试大纲》的提前颁布向广大师生透露出一个重要信号：高考不再是神秘的殿堂。高考改革始终坚持”在稳定中求发展”的命题指导思想，命题的基本原则依然是”突出语篇，注重交际，讲究灵活，强调应用”，不会出现明显的变化，不会折腾莘莘学子。

　　与2008年相比，2009年的《考试大纲》基本上没有任何变化，只是在高考语法项目表中增加了词类项目，这样更加明确了考试内容，助于考生把握词类，对词类有个概括的了解。

　　考生在备考过程中应仔细研读《考试大纲》中的内容，融会贯通，做到胸有成竹。一定要重视基础，例如：考纲词汇能否拼写正确？基本词汇和短语能否灵活运用？基本语法能否理解？基本句型能否掌握？各个题型的基本解题技巧是否熟练？书写是否规范？等等。

　　最后，预祝考生们圆梦高考，再创佳绩。

　　Ⅰ.考试性质

　　普通高等学校招生全国统一考试是由合格的高中毕业生和具有同等学力的考生参加的选拔性考试。高等学校根据考生的成绩，按已确定的招生计划，德、智、体全面衡量，择优录取。因此，高考应有较高的信度、效度、适当的难度和必要的区分度。

　　英语科考试是按照标准化测试要求设计的。

　　【导读】《考试大纲》是根据普通高等学校对新生文化素质的要求，参照《中学教学大纲》并根据中学教学实际而制定的。它明确了考试的指导思想。

　　Ⅱ.考试内容和要求

　　根据普通高等学校对新生文化素质的要求，参照教育部2000年颁布的《全日制高级中学英语教学大纲(试验修订版)》，并考虑中学教学实际，制订本学科考试内容。

　　一、语言知识

　　要求考生能够适当运用基本的语法知识(见附录)，掌握2 000左右的词汇及相关词组(见《全日制高级中学英语教学大纲(试验修订版)》)。

　　【导读】语言知识题包括语法、词汇类单项填空题和完形填空题。语言知识主要考查：①语法和词汇知识在实际的、不同的情景中的运用；②语言必须适合具体的交际行为；③语言考核的焦点为达到交际的目的，交际行为除了需要语言能力外，还需要把握情况的能力等。

　　二、语言运用

　　1.听力

　　要求考生听懂有关日常生活中所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。考生应能：

　　(1)理解主旨和要义；

　　【导读】主旨要义一般比较明确，但有时会贯穿整个对话或独白，需要考生自己去归纳、概括。

　　(2)获取事实性的具体信息；

　　【导读】为说明和支持主旨，对话或独白总会出现一些具体信息，如时间、地点、人物等。这些信息是理解和把握对话或独白主旨不可少的要素，也常常是听力部分的重点考查项目。

　　(3)对所听内容作出简单推断；

　　【导读】推断能力在一定程度上可以体现一个人对口语的理解能力，因而也是听力测试考查的重点项目之一。

　　(4)理解说话者的意图、观点和态度。

　　【导读】一般来讲，说话者总会表明说话的意图，或是提出或回答问题，或是阐明自己的想法，或是表明自己的态度或意见，对此的理解或推断在一般交往中非常重要。

　　【试题举例】

　　M：Ladies and Gentlemen, let's welcome Jane Carter. Jane, you are so young.How can you sing so well?

　　W：Well, Mr. Green. I like singing very much. And I've been doing this for a while. Above all I have Mr. James as my teacher.

　　M：No wonder. I believe you'll do a wonderful job tonight. Now ladies and gentlemen, Jane Carter!

　　1.What is the man doing?

　　A. Giving a speech.  　B. Chairing a meeting.  　 C. Introducing a person.

　　2.Why does the woman sing so well?

　　A.She has a great teacher.   　B.She teaches singing.  　 C.She is young.

　　1.【答案】C

　　【解析】根据男声“let's welcome Jane Carter”可知他是在向别人介绍一个名叫Jane Carter的歌手。

　　2.【答案】A

　　【解析】根据女声“And I've been doing this for a while. Above all I have Mr. James as my teacher.”可知她歌唱得很好不仅是因为练了很长时间，主要还是有位好老师教她。

　　2.阅读

　　要求考生读懂公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：

　　(1)理解主旨和要义；

　　【导读】文章的主旨大意一般出现在开头、结尾和过渡段。不过有时贯穿整篇文章。考生要培养快速浏览全文，提取主旨要义的能力。

　　(2)理解文中具体信息；

　　(3)根据上下文推断生词的词义；

　　【导读】正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义，是理解文章的第一步，也是基础。英语单词的含义随语境的不同会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外，不使用词典而通过阅读上下文推断生词的含义，是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力，也是阅读测试中经常检测的一种能力。

　　(4)作出简单判断和推理；

　　(5)理解文章的基本结构；

　　【导读】把握全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查，一般反映在理解文中某一段落的作用或某些词语的指代关系的题目中。

　　(6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

　　【试题举例】(2008年全国卷Ⅰ)

　　Last week my youngest son and I visited my father at his new home in Tucson，Arizona.He moved there a few years ago，and I was eager to see his new place and meet his friends.

　　My earliest memories of my father are of a tall，handsome，successful man devoted to his work and family，but uncomfortable with his children.As a child I loved him；as a school girl and young adult(成年人)I feared him and felt bitter about him.He seemed unhappy with me unless I got straight A’s and unhappy with my boyfriends if their fathers were not as “successful” as he was.Whenever I went out with him on weekends，I used to struggle to think up things to say，feeling on guard.

　　On the first day of my visit，we went out with one of my father’s friends for lunch at an outdoor cafe.We walked along that afternoon，did some shopping，ate on the street table，and laughed over my son’s funny  facial expressions.Gone was my father’s critical(挑剔的)air and strict  rules.Who was this person I knew as my father，who seemed so friendly and interesting to  be around？What had held him back before?

　　The next day my dad pulled out his childhood pictures and told me quite a few stories about his own childhood.Although our times together became easier over the years，I never felt closer to him at that moment.After so many years，I’m at last seeing another side of my father.And in so doing，I’m delighted with my_new_friend.My dad，in his new home in Arizona，is back to me from where he was.

　　56.Why did the author feel bitter about her father as a young adult?

　　A.He was silent most of the time. 

　　B.He was too proud of himself.

　　C.He did not love his children. 

　　D.He expected too much of her

　　57.When the author went out with her father on weekends，she would feel________.

　　A.nervous  B.sorry 

　　C.tired  D.safe

　　58.What does the author think of her father after her visit to Tucson?

　　A.More critical.  B.More talkative.

　　C.Gentle and friendly.  D.Strict and hard­working.

　　59.The underlined words “my new friend” in the last paragraph refer to________.

　　A.the author’s   son 

　　B.the author’s father

　　C.the friend of the author’s father 

　　D.the cafe owner

　　【文章大意】本文是记叙文，主要讲述“我”和自己的小儿子去“我”父亲家看他的新房子的事情。我感受到了父亲的巨大变化：他以前那种严厉冷酷的架势不见了，多了一份亲切、关怀。

　　56.【答案】D

　　【解析】考查细节理解。答案信息在第二段“...felt bitter about him. He seemed unhappy with me unless I got straight A’s...”。

　　57.【答案】A

　　【解析】细节判断题。信息提示在第二段最后一句话：“Whenever I went out with him on weekends, I used to struggle to think up things to say, feeling on guard.”

　　58.【答案】C

　　【解析】细节理解题。从第三段与第四段可找到答案。

　　59.【答案】B

　　【解析】考查指代问题。根据全文可知，父亲以前很苛刻，我和他关系很疏远，如今他变了，容易让人亲近了，此时把父亲称作自己的“新”朋友，后文信息提示“my new friend. My dad, in his new home in Arizona, is back to me from where he was.”

　　(2008年北京卷)

　　Domestic(驯养的)horses now pull ploughs，race in the Kentucky Derby，and carry police.But early horses weren’t tame(驯服的)enough to perform these kinds of tasks.Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today.

　　Thousands of years ago，people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food.Over time，people began to catch the animals and raise them.This was the first step in domestication.

　　As people began to tame and ride horses，they chose to keep those animals that had more desirable characteristics.For example，people may have chosen to keep horses that had a gentle personality so they could be ridden more easily.People who used horses to pull heavy loads would have chosen to keep stronger animals.Characteristics like strength are partly controlled by the animals’genes.So as the domesticated horses reproduced，they passed the characteristics on to their young.Each new generation of horses would show more of these chosen characteristics.

　　Modern­day horse breeds come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.This variety didn’t exist in the horse population before domestication.The Shetland horse is one of the smallest breeds－typically reaching only one meter tall.With short，strong legs，the animals were bred to pull coal out of mine shafts(矿井)with low ceilings.Huge horses like the Clydesdale came on the scene around 1700.People bred these heavy，tall horses to pull large vehicles used for carrying heavy loads.

　　The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies.For example，horses were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture.Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently.Before they were able to ride horses，humans had to cross land on foot.Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distances in much less time.That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another.The new form of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world.

　　59.Before domestication horses were.

　　A.caught for sports  B.hunted for food

　　C.made to pull ploughs   D.used to carry people

　　60.The author uses the Shetland horse as an example to show.

　　A.it is smaller than the Clydesdale horse

　　B.horses used to have gentle personalities

　　C.some horses have better shapes than others

　　D.horses were of less variety before domestication

　　61.Horses contributed to the spread of culture by.

　　A.carrying heavy loads

　　B.changing farming methods

　　C.serving as a means of transport

　　D.advancing agriculture in different areas

　　62.The passage is mainly about.

　　A.why humans domesticated horses

　　B.how humans and horses needed each other

　　C.why horses came in different shapes and sizes

　　D.how human societies and horses influenced each other

　　【文章大意】文章从现代马的功用与过去的功用的不同入手，讲述了人类如何对马进行选择驯化，造成了马的种群的多样性；同时也介绍了马的驯化对人类社会的影响。

　　59.【答案】B

　　【解析】细节判断题。由第一、二段可判断，人类先是猎马为食，然后喂养，最后才是根据人类需要进行驯化。

　　60.【答案】D

　　【解析】细节推断题。由第四段第二句“This variety didn’t exist in the horse population before domestication”可推断出马被驯化前没有如此多的种群，再由作者所举的例子“the shetland horse”可看出马是根据人的需要从单一种群被驯化为多种种群的。

　　61.【答案】C

　　【解析】细节判断题。从最后一段“Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distances in much less time .”和“The new form of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world.”可判断马在文化传播中所扮演的角色为交通工具。

　　62.【答案】D

　　【解析】主旨大意题。文章前两段引入马的驯化这一话题。第三、四段讲述人类根据自身需要把马驯化为多个种群。第五段讲述了马对人类社会发展的影响。只有D项涵盖了文章的内容。

　　3.写作

　　要求考生根据题示进行书面表达。考试应能：

　　(1)准确使用语法和词汇；

　　(2)使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。

　　【导读】写作是四项语言技能中不可分割的一个重要部分，要求考生在给出的特定情境下按特定要求进行书面表达。近几年写作主题的选择有结合社会热点的趋势。所以考生备考时可阅读一些英语时文，背诵其中的优美句子等。

　　【试题举例】(2008年四川卷)

　　你校学生会准备办一期英语墙报，主题为：保护环境从我做起。请你根据下图所示写一篇英语短文。

　　注意：

　　1.词数100左右，开头语已为你写好；

　　2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

What Can I Do for Our Environment?

　　Everyone_can_do_something_for_our_environment.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　One Possible Version

What Can I Do for Our Environment?

　　Everyone_can_do_something_for_our_environment.For me，I should try to save electricity in my daily life.For example，if I am the last person to leave the classroom in the evening，I will always remember to turn off the lights. In order to protect our forests，I will use paper wisely.I should try to use both sides of paper whenever it is possible. I will not use things like paper cups and disposable chopsticks because they are made of wood.I believe that doing all these small things will improve our environment and help make our world a better place to live in.

　　【写作指导】本文主题是环保，要求考生介绍如何从自身做起保护环境，时态以将来时为主。显然图画中已给出了一些参考：节约用电，随手关灯；保护森林；双面用纸；拒绝一次性纸杯、筷子等。文章要点包括：如何从自身做起，自己的决心及希望等。

　　更多高考信息请访问：新浪高考频道 高考论坛 高考博客圈 高考贴吧

　　特别说明：由于各方面情况的不断调整与变化，新浪网所提供的所有考试信息仅供参考，敬请考生以权威部门公布的正式信息为准。